Abstract Sustainable management plans for tropical forests including wood harvesting should be based on 100 % forest inventories, according to official Brazilian standards. To evaluate the forestry work carried out in 20 sites managed under sustainable forest management plans, located in Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 140 tropical sustainability forest verifiers were analyzed, 17 of them only to monitor the details of the forest inventories, completed and ongoing. 65 % of the 17 verifiers received the annotation to carry out corrective actions within one year, 18 % urged to perform corrective actions in 60 days, 5 % had the annotation of recommended, and 12 % were subject to suspension in the execution of the respective sustainable management forest plans. The textual and cartographic information collected in the technical reports and thematic maps had field verification, allowing to know the position of the felled trees and the location of the usable trees. Official verification standards were objective enough to leave little room for the subjectivity of inventory quality assessors. The evaluation system was efficient. The inventory workers shrew an enormous lack of dendrological knowledge in relation to botanical identification.

Resumen De acuerdo a lo establecido en las normas oficiales de Brasil, los planes de manejo sostenible para los bosques tropicales en los que se pretende ejecutar extracciones madereras, deben basarse en inventarios forestales realizados en 100 % de la superficie sujeta al aprovechamiento. Para evaluar los trabajos forestales realizados en 20 sitios gestionados con planes de manejo forestal sostenible localizados en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, se analizaron 17 verificadores tropicales de sostenibilidad de un total de 140, relativos a los inventarios forestales concluidos y en curso. Los resultados mostraron que 65 % de ellos requieren acciones de corrección en el plazo máximo de un año, 18 % en 60 días, 5 % tenían solo carácter de recomendación, y 12 % proponían la suspensión de los programas forestales de manejo. Se contrastó sobre el terreno la información textual y cartográfica procedente de los inventarios, lo cual permitió conocer la localización geográfica de los árboles derribados y de los aprovechables. Las normas oficiales de verificación son suficientemente objetivas como para dejar poco margen a la subjetividad de los evaluadores de la calidad de los inventarios. El sistema de evaluación fue eficiente. La identificación botánica evidenció una enorme carencia de conocimientos dendrológicos por parte de los responsables de los inventarios.

ABSTRACT Background: Unexpected red blood cell alloantibodies can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. In this study, the prevalence of alloimmunization, the rate of identification of alloantibodies and the rate of blood transfusion reactions among transfused patients were identified in a clinical emergency hospital in Brazil. Methods: Transfusions and clinical records of patients who had a positive indirect antiglobulin test between January and December 2013 were analyzed. Results: Of 1169 patients who received blood transfusions, 28 had positive indirect antiglobulin tests, with one patient having two positive tests at different times, resulting in 29 positive tests during the period of this study. Alloantibodies were identified in 58.6% (17/29) of the cases. In 27.5% (8/29), identification was inconclusive and it was not possible to confirm alloimmunization. The rate of red blood cell alloimmunization was 1.71% (21/1169). Of 21 cases of alloimmunization, four (19%) were unidentified due to an unusual agglutination profile. All identified alloantibodies were clinically significant (10/17 anti-Rh, 5/17 anti-Kell and 2/17 anti-MNS). In two patients who had positive indirect antiglobulin tests, one had an unidentified alloantibody, and the other had an inconclusive test and developed a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Conclusion: The prevalence of clinically important red blood cell alloantibodies and hemolytic transfusion reactions among patients with unidentified alloantibodies suggests that specific laboratory techniques should be performed to identify alloantibodies in cases of pan-reactivity or autoantibodies to improve transfusion safety.

O presente trabalho investigou a taxa de degeneração de folículos primordiais caprinos in situ após conservação em PBS ou TCM 199, em diferentes temperaturas e tempos de incubação. Para cada animal, o par ovariano foi dividido em 19 fragmentos. Um fragmento foi escolhido aleatoriamente e imediatamente fixado (controle). Os 18 fragmentos ovarianos restantes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em tubos contendo PBS ou TCM 199 e conservados a 4, 20 or 39ºC por 4, 12 or 24h. A conservação de fragmentos ovarianos em PBS ou TCM 199 a 20ºC por 12 e 24h ou a 39ºC, em todos os tempos de incubação testados, aumentou significativamente a percentagem de folículos primordiais degenerados (P<0,05). Ao contrário, em ambos os meios testados, a taxa de degeneração de folículos primordiais conservados a 4ºC em todos os tempos testados e a 20ºC por 4h foi similar ao controle (P>0,05). Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que o PBS foi tão eficiente quanto o TCM 199 na conservação de folículos primordiais caprinos in situ, sendo os melhores resultados observados na temperatura de 4ºC.

The present work has investigated the degeneration rate of goat primordial follicles in situ after preservation in PBS or TCM 199 at different temperatures and incubation times. For each animal the ovarian pair was divided into 19 fragments. One ovarian fragment was taken randomly and immediately fixed (control). The other 18 ovarian fragments were randomly distributed in tubes containing PBS or TCM 199 and stored at 4º, 20º or 39ºC for 4, 12 or 24h. The storage of ovarian fragments in PBS or TCM 199 at 20ºC for 12h and 24h or at 39ºC, in all incubation times tested, increased significantly the percentage of degenerated primordial follicles (P<0.05). In contrast, for both media tested the degeneration rate of primordial follicles preserved at 4ºC for up to 24h and at 20ºC for 4h was similar to control values (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that PBS was as efficient as TCM 199 in the preservation of goat primordial follicles in situ, being the best results observed at 4ºC.

Objetivo: Estudar em olhos de coelhos as alterações retinianas após injeção intravítrea de lidocaína nas concentrações 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0% por meio de análise histopatológica com microscopias de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Métodos: Foram utilizados 40 olhos de 20 coelhos albinos da raça Nova Zelândia, submetidos à injeção intravítrea de lidocaína a 0,5% (grupo II), 1,0% (grupo III) e 2,0% (grupo IV) nos olhos direitos e solução salina nos olhos esquerdos (grupo I-controle) após anestesia geral. Foi realizada oftalmoscopia binocular indireta, antes, durante, imediatamente e uma hora após a injeção intravítrea e nos dias 1º, 3º, 7º e 15º de evolução. Nos mesmos períodos um olho do grupo II, dois olhos do grupo III, um olho do grupo IV e todos olhos contralaterais (grupo I), foram enucleados e examinados sob microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Resultados: A observação por oftalmoscopia binocular indireta antes e durante a injeção intravítrea não apresentou alteração em todos os olhos examinados. Após a injeção intravítrea observou-se a retina com aspecto esbranquiçado difuso, elevação da interface vítreo-retiniana, focal e próximo ao local de injeção, edema de retina e anel de condensação vítrea tanto no grupo controle quanto nos olhos com injeção de lidocaína. A análise histológica por microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão não evidenciou alterações em nenhum dos olhos examinados. Conclusões: A injeção intravítrea de lidocaína nas concentrações de 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0% demonstrou ser atóxica para a retina, considerando os estudos de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão.

Purpose: To study the retinal alterations in rabbit eyes after intravitreal injection of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% lidocaine through histopathological analysis with light and transmission electron microscopy. Methods: Forty eyes of 20 New Zeland albino rabbits were submitted to intravitreal injection of 0.5 (group II), 1.0 (group III) and 2.0 % (group IV) lidocaine in the right eyes and saline solution in the left eyes (group I - control) after general anesthesia. Bilateral indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed before the intravitreal injection, during the procedure, one hour postoperative and on days 1, 3, 7 and 15. On the same days one eye of group II, two eyes of group III and one eye of group IV were enucleated and examined under light and transmission electron microscopy. Results: No alterations were found under bilateral indirect ophthalmoscopy before and during the intravitreal injection, but on days 1, 3, 7 and 15 after the procedure the retina showed a whitish aspect, an elevation of the vitreous-retinal interface, retinal edema and virtual condensation ring in all groups. No alterations were found using light and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Conclusion: Intravitreal injection of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% lidocaine morphologically showed no toxicity to New Zeland albino rabbit retina, based on light and transmission electron microscopy analysis.

O presente estudo investigou a eficiência da solução salina e solução à base de água de coco na preservação de folículos pré-antrais inclusos em tecido ovariano, em diferentes temperaturas e diferentes tempos de incubação. No abatedouro, o par ovariano foi dividido em 19 fragmentos; um fragmento ovariano foi imediatamente fixado para histologia clássica (controle-tempo zero). Os outros 18 fragmentos ovarianos foram conservados em ambas as soluções a 4ºC, 20ºC ou 39ºC por 4 h, 12 h ou 24 h. A análise histológica mostrou que a conservação de fragmentos ovarianos em ambas as soluções a 4ºC por até 24 h mantém a percentagem de folículos pré-antrais normais similar aos valores do controle. Ao contrário, a conservação a 20°C ou 39ºC, em ambas as soluções, reduziu significativamente a percentagem de folículos pré-antrais normais comparado aos valores do controle, exceto em solução salina a 20ºC por 4 h ou em solução à base de água de coco a 20ºC por 4 h e 12 h. Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou que ambas as soluções podem ser usadas com igual eficiência para conservar folículos pré-antrais caprinos a 4°C, independente do tempo de incubação. No entanto, para conservar folículos pré-antrais caprinos a altas temperaturas, a solução à base de água de coco é recomendada.

The present study investigated the efficiency of saline solution and coconut water solution in the preservation of goat preantral follicles enclosed in ovarian tissue, at different temperatures and for different incubation periods. At the slaughterhouse, the ovarian pair was divided into 19 fragments; one ovarian fragment was immediately fixed for histology (control-time zero). The other 18 ovarian fragments were preserved in both solutions at 4ºC, 20ºC or 39ºC for 4 h, 12 h or 24 h. The histological analysis showed that the storage of ovarian fragments in both solutions at 4ºC for up to 24 h kept the percentage of normal preantral follicles similar to the control values. In contrast, preservation at 20°C or 39ºC, in either solution, reduced significantly the percentage of normal preantral follicles compared to the control values, except in saline solution at 20ºC for 4 h or in coconut water solution at 20ºC for 4 h and 12 h. In conclusion, this study shows that both solutions can be used with the same efficiency to preserve goat preantral follicles at 4°C, irrespective of the incubation time. However, to preserve goat preantral follicles at higher temperatures, coconut water solution is recommended.